Penulis buku ini memiliki nama lengkap Gita Sekar Prihanti. Penulis menyelesaikan S1 kedokteran umum di Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Brawijaya Malang pada tahun 2006. Pendidikan S2 penulis ditempuh di Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia bidang pendidikan kedokteran pada tahun 2009-2011. Mengajar merupakan cita-cita penulis sedari kecil sehingga penulis mewujudkan cita-citanya sebagai dosen di Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang sejak tahun 2007 hingga sekarang. Penulis tergabung dalam tim dosen Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat (Public Health) di FK UMM dan menjadi Ketua Medical Education Unit (MEU) FK UMM sejak tahun 2011 hingga sekarang. Bidang ilmu yang menjadi pengalaman mengajar penulis hingga sekarang terdiri dari : Pendidikan Kedokteran, Kesehatan Masyarakat, Gizi, Evicence Based Medicine, dan Metodologi Penelitian. Penulis juga tergabung sebagai anggota dalam perhimpunan AIDIPROKESI/IASHE (Asosiasi Ahli Pendidikan Profesi Kesehatan Indonesia), PERPIPKI (Persatuan Pemerhati Ilmu Pendidikan Kedokteran Indonesia), SEARAME (South East Asian Regional Association for Medical Education) dan PDK3MI (Persatuan Dokter Kedokteran Komunitas dan Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia) Cabang Jawa Timur hingga sekarang.
Kata Pengantar...........................................................................................v
Daftar Isi.....................................................................................................vii
Daftar Tabel................................................................................................xv
Daftar Gambar...........................................................................................xvii
Bab 1 Filsafat Ilmu Pengetahuan.......................................................1
A.Filsafat Ilmu Pengetahuan...............................................2
B.Ilmu Kedokteran dan Filsafat Dasar...............................4
Bab 2 Penalaran Induktif dan Deduktif...........................................7
A.Penalaran Induktif.............................................................8
B.Penalaran Deduktif............................................................9
C.Perbandingan Penalaran Induktif dan Penalaran Deduktif...............................................................................10
D.Proses Penalaran.................................................................13
Bab 3 Implementasi Teori Belajar dalam Pendidikan Kedokteran..17
A.Definisi Belajar....................................................................18
B.Teori Belajar........................................................................18
Bab 4 Kurikulum Berbasis Kompetensi (KBK)................................33
A.Definisi Kurikulum............................................................34
B.Sejarah Perubahan Kurikulum.......................................35
C.Kurikulum Berbasis Kompetensi.....................................37
D.Kompetensi..........................................................................42
E.Komponen Kompetensi.....................................................43
Bab 5 Problem Based Learning (PBL)...................................................47
A.Model “SPICES” Harden..................................................48
B.Sejarah PBL.........................................................................51
C.Karakteristik PBL...............................................................52
D.Kegunaan PBL...................................................................54
E.Kelemahan PBL..................................................................57
F.Tutorial dalam PBL...........................................................58
G.Langkah Dasar PBL..........................................................59
H.Jenis Kompetensi yang dihasilkan dari PBL.................69
I.Penilaian PBL.....................................................................69
J.Penilaian Tutor pada Mahasiswa....................................71
K.Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Tutorial PBL....................71
Bab 6 Adult Learning..............................................................................75
A.Definisi Adult Learning........................................................75
B.Aspek Sejarah Teori Adult Learning..................................76
C.Kategori Teori Adult Learning............................................78
D.Metode Adult Learning........................................................82
E.Model Adult Learning..........................................................84
F.Definisi, Konsep dan Sasaran Andragogi......................88
G.Andragogi dalam Memacu Kebutuhan Belajar............92
H.Andragogi dan Pedagogi..................................................98
I.Cara Orang Dewasa Belajar (Teori Multi Model).........104
J.Model Pembelajaran Orang Dewasa (“Diperluas”).....105
K.Kaitan Andragogi, Pedagogi, dan Pedagogi Kritis......107
Bab 7 Self Directed Learning (SDL).......................................................111
A. Definisi SDL.......................................................................113
B.Karakteristik SDL..............................................................115
C.Tujuan SDL.........................................................................116
D.Manfaat SDL.......................................................................116
E.Prinsip-Prinsip SDL..........................................................117
F.Situasi Belajar.....................................................................117
G.Konsep Kemandirian.........................................................118
H.Kelebihan SDL....................................................................119
I.Kelemahan SDL..................................................................119
J.Metode Pembelajaran SDL...............................................119
K.Spektrum SDL....................................................................120
Bab 8 Berpikir Kritis.............................................................................123
A.Definisi Berpikir Kritis......................................................123
B.Karakteristik Berpikir Kritis.............................................128
C.Kegiatan dalam Berpikir Kritis........................................132
D.Tahapan Berpikir Kritis....................................................134
E.Indikator Berpikir Kritis...................................................134
F.Hubungan Antara Berpikir, Berpikir Kritis dan Proses Belajar...................................................................................137
G.Berpikir Kritis dalam Pendidikan....................................140
H.Standar Berpikir Kritis.......................................................142
I.Manfaat Berpikir Kritis......................................................144
Bab 9 Clinical Reasoning.........................................................................149
A.Reasoning..............................................................................150
B.Clinical Reasoning.................................................................151
C.Reasoning dan Clinical Reasoning........................................152
D.Clinical Reasoning dan Berpikir Kritis...............................154
E.Information Perception and Interpretation..............................162
F.Hypothesis Generation...........................................................162
G.Inquiry Strategy and Clinical Skills......................................163
H.Problem Formulation.............................................................165
I.Diagnostic and/or Therapeutic Decisions...............................166
J.Contoh Latihan Kasus......................................................168
K.Hubungan Antara Critical Thinking dan Clinical Reasoning.177
Bab 10 Stres.............................................................................................181
A.Definisi Stres.......................................................................182
B.Teori Stres............................................................................183
C.Tanggapan Neurotransmitter Stres.....................................184
D.Tanggapan Endokrin untuk Stres..................................185
E.Respon Kekebalan Stres....................................................185
F.Faktor Penyebab Stres......................................................185
G.Peristiwa Kehidupan.........................................................188
H.Stres dan Tempat Kerja.....................................................188
I.Stres Ibu..............................................................................189
J.Faktor Psikososial..............................................................189
K.Faktor Stres Spesifik dan Non Spesifik..........................190
L.Stres dan Kecemasan.........................................................191
M.Tipe Stres.............................................................................192
N.Gejala Stres..........................................................................192
O.Dampak Stres......................................................................197
P.Wawancara Stres................................................................199
Q.Instrumen Penilaian Tingkat Stres.................................199
R.Kuesioner Tingkat Stres...................................................202
S.Faktor Kepribadian............................................................203
T.Aplikasi Psikiatri................................................................204
Bab 11 Manajemen Stres........................................................................207
A.Manajemen Stress..............................................................207
B.Strategi Koping..................................................................211
Bab 12 Gangguan Penyesuaian Diri...................................................219
A.Epidemiologi.......................................................................219
B.Etiologi................................................................................220
C.Faktor Psikodinamik.........................................................221
D.Keluarga dan genetik Faktor...........................................222
E.Diagnosis dan Gambaran Klinis.....................................223
F.Diferensial Diagnosis.........................................................225
G.Perkembangan dan Prognosis.........................................227
H.Pengobatan.........................................................................227
Bab 13 Keterampilan Belajar.................................................................231
A.Menjadi Pelajar yang Efektif dan Sukses.......................235
B.Persiapan Belajar................................................................244
C.Kecerdasan..........................................................................263
D.Kerja Kelompok..................................................................286
E.Menghasilkan Ide...............................................................307
Bab 14 Gaya Belajar...............................................................................317
A.Definisi Belajar....................................................................318
B.Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Belajar..................323
C.Kerangka Kerja Gaya Belajar...........................................325
D.Macam Gaya Belajar..........................................................326
E.Pendekatan Pembelajaran................................................368
F.Kuesioner untuk Gaya Belajar........................................373
Bab 15 Memori........................................................................................379
A.Definisi Memori..................................................................380
B.Anatomi dan Fisiologi Otak yang Berhubungan dengan Memori.................................................................................381
C.Teknik Dasar Memori........................................................390
D.Memori Dasar.....................................................................390
E.Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Memori.............................394
F.Konsentrasi.........................................................................403
Bab 16 Strategi Membaca......................................................................407
A.Menjelaskan Tujuan Membaca........................................408
B.Scanning................................................................................410
C.Skimming..............................................................................412
D.Membaca Fokus..................................................................414
E.Membaca Cepat dan Kuantum Membaca......................417
F.Pemilihan Teknik yang Benar dalam Membaca............408
Bab 17 Strategi Menulis.........................................................................431
A.Menentukan Catatan yang Baik.....................................431
B.Teknik Membuat Catatan yang Berbeda........................433
C.Peta dan Mindmap Konsep..............................................434
D.Catatan Spiral.....................................................................436
E.Diagram Alur......................................................................436
F.Catatan Matriks.................................................................436
G.Catatan Linier (Catatan Cornell)....................................438
H.Catatan Linier (Catatan Berpasangan)..........................439
I.Membuat Catatan dari Teks.............................................443
J.Memilih Teknik yang Sesuai............................................444
K.Membuat Asosiasi..............................................................446
L.Pencatatan...........................................................................448
M.Catatan Sebagai Alat Studi..............................................448
N.Lima Alasan Penting untuk Membuat Catatan...........449
O.Tips Membuat Catatan......................................................450
P.Cara untuk Mengurangi dan Streamline Catatan.........451
Q.Tips Mengambil Catatan dari Bacaan............................452
R.Tips Mengambil Catatan dari Kuliah.............................453
S.Menggunakan Pencatatan Alat Visual...........................453
T.Pengorganisasian dan Menyimpan Catatan.................455
Latihan Praktek.................................................................456
Bab 18 Refleksi.........................................................................................457
A.Latar Belakang Teoritis.....................................................458
B.Menyadari Keterbatasan...................................................459
C.Definisi Refleksi...................................................................465
D.Tujuan Refleksi Kritis........................................................467
E.Model Refleksi.....................................................................469
F.Pertanyaan Refleksi...........................................................475
G.Dimensi Refleksi.................................................................476
H.Tingkat Refleksi..................................................................477
I.Sikap Pengajar dalam Menghadapi Hasil Refleksi Peserta Didik.......................................................................479
J.Manfaat Refleksi Diri.........................................................479
K.Pembelajaran Refleksi........................................................480
L.Belajar Sepanjang Hayat (Life long learning)...................482
M.Portofolio............................................................................483
N.Self Assesment......................................................................484
O.Penilaian Refleksi...............................................................488
P.Contoh Refleksi..................................................................490
Bab 19 Presentasi Efektif........................................................................495
Bab 20 Umpan Balik...............................................................................501
Daftar Pustaka...........................................................................................522
Daftar Singkatan.......................................................................................523
Indeks......................................................................................................525
