permukiman, kawasan industri, kawasan perniagaan, sawah pertanian/ perkebunan pasang-surut, pelabuhan modern, kawasan wisata terpadu dan lainnya. Banyak kota besar di Indonesia yang terletak dan berkembang di kawasan rendah/ pantai misalnya Jakarta, Semarang, Surabaya, Makassar, Kendari dan lainnya. Problema daerah rendah adalah bencana banjir, terutama untuk pengembangan kawasan permukiman/ perkotaan modern yang mengedepankan keamanan, kenyamanan, kesehatan, ketentraman dan keindahan lingkungan, maka perencanaan dan pembangunan sistem drainase perkotaan yang handal adalah kebutuhan yang urgen. Disisi lain pemanasan global (perubahan iklim) telah mempengaruhi perubahan hidrologis (sebaran dan tinggi curah hujan) di Indonesia, catatan curah hujan di Jakarta selama 50 tahun (1990-1950) mengalami hujan ekstrem 2 x setinggi 150an milimeter per hari, tetapi dalam kurun waktu yang sama 50 tahun (1970-2020) telah terjadi hujan ekstrem lebih dari 5 x dengan tinggi curah hujan 2 x lipat lebih (> 300an milimeter per hari), hal ini berpengaruh nyata terhadap kejadian/ bencana banjir yang terus meluas di perkotaan disamping problem lingkungan yang lainnya.
Dalam buku Drainase Perkotaan ini diuraikan bahasan lebih rinci karena disusun dengan dukungan contoh – contoh aplikasi aktual di bidang Drainase Perkotaan, meliputi : Analisa Hidrologi, Pengembangan System Planning Drainase Perkotaan, Desain Saluran, Desain Bangunan, Pengantar Sistem Polder Dan Kolam Detensi, serta Perencanaan Pompa Banjir/ Drainase Perkotaan. Diharapkan buku ini dapat digunakan sebagai referensi kuliah untuk Jurusan Teknik Sipil, Jurusan Perencanaan Wilayah Kota, Jurusan Teknik Lingkungan dan untuk dasar perencanaan, pembangunan konstruksi serta sebagai pedoman operasional dan pemeliharaan Sistem Drainase Perkotaan.
Kata Pengantar
Daftar Isi
Daftar Tabel
Daftar Gambar
Bab I Pendahuluan : Dasar-Dasar Perencanaan Drainase Perkotaan
1.1. Drainase Perkotaan Dan Pengelolaan Banjir Perkotaan ..................................... 1-1
1.2. Sistem Drainase Perkotaan .................................................................................. 1-5
1.2.1. Daerah Tangkapan Air ........................................................................................ 1-6
1.2.2. Jaringan Saluran Drainase Perkotaan .................................................................. 1-7
1.2.3. Sarana Pengeluaran (Outlet) ............................................................................... 1-7
1.2.4. Tampungan Retensi Dan Waduk (Polder) .......................................................... 1-8
1.3. Jenis Dan Fungsi Sistem Drainase ...................................................................... 1-8
1.4. Data Untuk Pengembangan Sistem Drainase Perkotaan ................................... 1-12
1.5. Tahapan Pengembangan Sistem Drainase Perkotaan ...................................... 1-12
1.6. Peraturan Perundangan Dan Standar Nasional ................................................. 1-13
1.7. Pokok Bahasan Dan Kompetensi ...................................................................... 1-14
Soal Latihan (Pre Test) ................................................................................................. 1-15
Bab II Analisa Hidrologi Untuk Drainase Perkotaan
2.1. Pendahuluan ......................................................................................................... 2-1
2.2. Hidrologi Kuantitatif ............................................................................................ 2-2
2.2.1. Data Curah Hujan ................................................................................................. 2-2
2.2.2. Pengujian Data Curah Hujan (Kurva Masa Ganda) ............................................. 2-2
2.2.3. Curah Hujan Harian Maksimum Rata-Rata Daerah ........................................... 2-8
2.2.3.1. Curah Hujan Harian Maksimum ....................................................................... 2-8
2.2.3.2. Curah Hujan Harian Maksimum Rata-Rata Daerah ......................................... 2-9
2.2.4. Analisa Distribusi Frekuensi ................................................................................ 2-9
2.2.5. Uji Kesesuaian Pemilihan Distribusi Frekuensi ................................................. 2-13
2.2.6. Analisa Curah Hujan Rencana ........................................................................... 2-15
2.2.7. Analisa Distribusi Curah Hujan Dan Intensitas Hujan ...................................... 2-17
2.2.7.1. Intensitas Hujan ............................................................................................... 2-17
2.2.7.2. Intensitas Hujan Dan Distribusi Curah Hujan Mononobe .............................. 2-18
2.2.7.3. Intensitas Hujan Dan Distribusi Curah Hujan T. Tanimoto ............................ 2-19
2.2.8. Analisa Debit Rencana ....................................................................................... 2-19
2.2.8.1. Debit Rencana Metode Rasional ..................................................................... 2-20
2.2.8.2. Debit Rencana Metode Haspers ...................................................................... 2-21
2.2.8.3. Debit Rencana Metode Hidrograf Satuan ....................................................... 2-22
2.3. Hidrologi Kualitatif ............................................................................................ 2-39
2.3.1. Kualitas Air Dan Limbah ................................................................................... 2-39
2.3.2. Air Limbah ......................................................................................................... 2-40
2.3.2.1. Sumber Asal Air Limbah ................................................................................ 2-40
2.3.2.2. Sifat-Sifat Air Limbah .................................................................................... 2-42
2.3.2.3. Komponen Pencemaran Air ............................................................................ 2-43
2.3.3. Standar Kualitas Air ........................................................................................... 2-44
2.3.4. Analisa Debit Air Buangan Limbah ................................................................... 2-44
Soal Latihan ................................................................................................................... 2-46
Bab III Pengembangan System Planning Drainase Perkotaan
3.1. Sistem Drainase Perkotaan ................................................................................... 3-1
3.2. Menentukan Luas Daerah Tangkapan Air ........................................................... 3-3
3.2.1. Luas Daerah Tangkapan Air Eksternal ................................................................ 3-3
3.2.2. Luas Daerah Tangkapan Air Internal ................................................................... 3-4
3.3. Kemiringan Saluran Dan Desain Elevasi ............................................................. 3-4
3.4. Menghitung Debit Desain .................................................................................... 3-4
3.5. Dasar Perencanaan Hidrolik Sistem Drainase Perkotaan .................................... 3-5
3.6. Bangunan Sistem Drainase Perkotaan ................................................................. 3-5
3.6.1. Bangunan Gorong-Gorong (Culvert) ................................................................... 3-5
3.6.2. Bangunan Jembatan (Bridge) ............................................................................... 3-6
3.6.3. Bangunan Pintu Air (Water Gate) ........................................................................ 3-7
3.6.4. Bangunan Stasiun Pompa Air (Water Pump Station) .......................................... 3-7
3.6.5. Fasilitas/ Sarana Pendukung Sistem Drainase Kota ............................................ 3-9
3.6.5.1. Penangkap Air (Grill-Drainage) ......................................................................... 3-9
3.6.5.2. Pipa/ Lubang Inlet Drainase ............................................................................. 3-16
3.6.5.3. Bak Kontrol Dan Lubang Inspeksi ................................................................... 3-18
3.6.5.4. Bak Penangkap Pasir (Grid Chamber) ............................................................. 3-20
3.7. Sistem Drainase Perkotaan Berwawasan Lingkungan ....................................... 3-21
Soal Latihan .................................................................................................................. 3-22
Bab IV Perencanaan Saluran Drainase Perkotaan
4.1. Data Perencanaan Sistem Drainase Perkotaan .................................................... 4-1
4.1.1. Data topografi ...................................................................................................... 4-1
4.1.2. Data Hidrologi ...................................................................................................... 4-2
4.1.3. Data Geoteknik .................................................................................................... 4-2
4.1.4. Data Karakteristik Sarana Pembuangan (Outlet) ................................................. 4-3
4.1.4.1. Sungai Sebagai Sarana Pembuangan/ Outlet .................................................... 4-3
4.1.4.2. Kolam Penampung (Polder) .............................................................................. 4-4
4.1.4.3. Laut Sebagai Sarana Pembuangan/ Outlet ........................................................ 4-4
4.2. Rumus Dan Kriteria Hidrolik ............................................................................... 4-4
4.2.1. Rumus Hidrolik Saluran Terbuka ....................................................................... 4-4
4.2.2. Geometrik Penampang Saluran Drainase Perkotaan .......................................... 4-6
4.2.2.1. Kemiringan Talud Saluran Pembuang/ Drainase Perkotaan ........................... 4-7
4.2.2.2. Lengkung Saluran Pembuang/ Drainase Perkotaan .......................................... 4-8
4.2.2.3. Tinggi Jagaan .................................................................................................... 4-8
4.2.3. Koefisien Kekasaran Dan Kecepatan Ijin ............................................................ 4-8
4.2.4. Kemiringan Saluran Pembuang/ Drainase Perkotaan ........................................ 4-10
4.3. Perencanaan Saluran Drainase Perkotaan .......................................................... 4-10
4.3.1. System Planning Dan Skema Jaringan Saluran Drainase Perkotaan ................. 4-10
4.3.2. Analisa Debit Rencana ....................................................................................... 4-12
4.3.2.1. Analisa Debit Rencana Buangan Air Limbah ................................................. 4-12
4.3.2.2. Analisa Debit Rencana Limpasan Curah Hujan ............................................. 4-13
4.3.2.3. Analisa Debit Rencana Total .......................................................................... 4-17
4.3.3. Perencanaan Hidrolik Saluran Drainase Perkotaan .......................................... 4-19
4.3.4. Perencanaan Elevasi Dan Evaluasi Desain ....................................................... 4-23
4.3.4.1. Perencanaan Elevasi Saluran Drainase Perkotaan .......................................... 4-23
4.3.4.2. Evaluasi Desain ............................................................................................... 4-24
4.4. Penggambaran Hasil Perencanaan Saluran Drainase Perkotaan ....................... 4-26
Soal Latihan ................................................................................................................... 4-31
Bab V Perencanaan Bangunan Drainase Perkotaan
5.1. Pendahuluan ......................................................................................................... 5-1
5.2. Bangunan Gorong-Gorong (Culvert) ................................................................... 5-1
5.2.1. Penampang Geometrik ......................................................................................... 5-2
5.2.2. Kecepatan Aliran Ijin ........................................................................................... 5-7
5.2.3. Kehilangan Energi ................................................................................................ 5-7
5.2.4. Kehilangan Energi Untuk Gorong-Gorong Aliran Penuh .................................. 5-10
5.2.5. Penutup Minimum .............................................................................................. 5-11
5.2.6. Standar Ukuran Dan Penulangan Gorong-Gorong Segi Empat ......................... 5-11
5.2.7. Contoh Desain Gorong-Gorong ......................................................................... 5-14
5.2.7.1. Desain Bangunan Gorong-Gorong Alternatif 1 ............................................... 5-15
5.2.7.2. Desain Bangunan Gorong-Gorong Alternatif 2 ............................................... 5-16
5.2.7.3. Desain Bangunan Gorong-Gorong Alternatif 3 ............................................... 5-19
5.3. Bangunan Pintu Air ............................................................................................ 5-22
5.3.1. Pintu Sorong ....................................................................................................... 5-23
5.3.1.1. Perencanaan Hidrolik ....................................................................................... 5-23
5.3.1.2. Kelebihan-Kelemahan Pintu Sorong Aliran Bawah ........................................ 5-24
5.3.1.3. Contoh Desain Pintu Sorong Aliran Bawah .................................................... 5-25
5.3.2. Pintu Radial ........................................................................................................ 5-28
5.3.2.1. Perencanaan Hidrolik ....................................................................................... 5-28
5.3.2.2. Kelebihan-Kelemahan Pintu Radial ................................................................. 5-30
5.3.3. Pintu Otomatik/ Klep ......................................................................................... 5-30
5.3.3.1. Perencanaan Hidrolik ....................................................................................... 5-33
5.3.3.2. Kelebihan-Kelemahan Pintu Otomatik ............................................................ 5-38
5.3.3.3. Contoh Desain Pintu Otomatik ........................................................................ 5-38
5.4. Bangunan Jembatan ........................................................................................... 5-45
5.4.1. Tipe Jembatan .................................................................................................... 5-45
5.4.2. Pembebanan ....................................................................................................... 5-46
5.4.3. Bangunan Atas ................................................................................................... 5-46
5.4.4. Pondasi Jembatan ............................................................................................... 5-47
5.4.5. Ruang Bebas ...................................................................................................... 5-49
5.6. Bangunan Tanggul Pelindung ............................................................................ 5-49
5.5.1. Bentuk Tipikal Penampang Melintang Tanggul ................................................. 5-49
5.5.2. Trase Tanggul Pelindung ................................................................................... 5-54
5.5.3. Puncak Tanggul Dan Tinggi Jagaan .................................................................. 5-55
5.5.3.1. Puncak Tanggul ................................................................................................ 5-55
5.5.3.2. Tinggi Jagaan ................................................................................................... 5-55
5.5.4. Jalan Inspeksi Tanggul ....................................................................................... 5-56
5.5.5. Kemiringan Talud Tanggul ................................................................................ 5-57
5.5.6. Bagian Tanggul Yang Dipengaruhi Air Pasang Surut ....................................... 5-58
5.5.7. Perkuatan Tanggul (Revetment) ........................................................................ 5-58
5.5.7.1. Umum ............................................................................................................... 5-58
5.5.7.2. Pemilihan Jenis Konstruksi .............................................................................. 5-58
5.5.7.3. Perkuatan Lereng/ Tebing ................................................................................ 5-58
5.5.7.4. Pencegahan Kebocoran/ Rembesan ................................................................. 5-59
Soal Latihan .................................................................................................................. 5-59
Bab VI Pengantar : Perencanaan Kolam Retensi, Kolam Detensi Dan Polder
6.1. Pendahuluan ......................................................................................................... 6-1
6.2. Kolam Retensi Dan Kolam Detensi ..................................................................... 6-1
6.2.1. Pengertian Kolam Retensi Dan Kolam Detensi ................................................... 6-1
6.2.2. Kolam Retensi Dan Kolam Detensi Di Samping Badan Saluran/ Sungai ........... 6-2
6.2.3. Kolam Retensi Dan Kolam Detensi Di Badan Saluran/ Sungai .......................... 6-3
6.2.4. Kolam Retensi Dan Kolam Detensi Memanfaatkan Badan Saluran/ Sungai
(Long Storage) .................................................................................................... 6-5
6.2.5. Kolam Retensi Dan Kolam Detensi Di Luar Badan Saluran/ Sungai .................. 6-6
6.2.6. Contoh Perencanaan Kolam Detensi Di luar Badan Saluran/ Sungai .................. 6-8
6.3. Polder .................................................................................................................. 6-14
6.3.1. Pengertian Dan Karakteristik Polder .................................................................. 6-14
6.3.1.1. Pengertian Polder ............................................................................................. 6-14
6.3.1.2. Karakteristik Polder ......................................................................................... 6-15
6.3.2. Fasilitas Pendukung Sistem Polder .................................................................... 6-15
6.3.3. Ketentuan Dan Syarat Teknik Polder ................................................................. 6-18
6.3.3.1. Ketentuan Umum ............................................................................................. 6-18
6.3.3.2. Ketentuan Dan Syarat Teknik .......................................................................... 6-18
6.4. Contoh Sukses Pengembangan Polder Di Indonesia ......................................... 6-19
6.4.1. Sistem Polder Negeri Belanda ........................................................................... 6-19
6.4.2. Teknologi Polder Penting Dikembangkan Di Indonesia .................................... 6-21
6.4.3. Polder Pantai Indah Kapuk ................................................................................ 6-22
6.4.4. Polder Bandar Udara (Bandara) Internasional Juanda ....................................... 6-24
Soal Latihan .................................................................................................................. 6-25
Bab VII Perencanaan Stasiun Pompa Banjir/ Drainase Perkotaan
7.1. Pendahuluan ......................................................................................................... 7-1
7.2. Konsep Pompa Banjir .......................................................................................... 7-2
7.3. Komponen Utama Sistem Pompa Drainase/ Pompa Banjir ................................. 7-3
7.4. Klasifikasi Pompa Drainase/ Pompa Banjir ......................................................... 7-4
7.4.1. Pompa Ulir (Screw Pump) ................................................................................... 7-5
7.4.1.1. Kelebihan Dan Kekurangan Pompa Ulir (Screw Pump) .................................. 7-6
7.4.1.2. Karakteristik Teknik Pompa Ulir (Screw Pump) .............................................. 7-7
7.4.2. Pompa Impeller .................................................................................................... 7-7
7.4.2.1. Karakteristik Impeller ........................................................................................ 7-8
7.4.2.2. Kelebihan Dan Kekurangan Pompa Impeller .................................................... 7-8
7.4.2.3. Pompa Aliran Axial (Axial Flow Pump) ........................................................... 7-9
7.4.2.4. Pompa Aliran Radial (Radial Flow Pump) ...................................................... 7-11
7.4.2.5. Pompa Aliran Campuran (Mixed Flow Pump) ................................................ 7-16
7.4.2.6. Pompa Submersible (Submersible Pump) ........................................................ 7-17
7.4.2.7. Pompa Pintu (Pump Gate) ................................................................................ 7-18
7.5. Standar Dan Kriteria .......................................................................................... 7-26
7.5.1. Standar Kriteria Pekerjaan Sipil Dan Arsitektural ............................................. 7-26
7.5.2. Standar Kriteria Pekerjaan Mekanikal ............................................................... 7-28
7.5.3. Standar Kriteria Pekerjaan Eleltrikal ................................................................. 7-28
7.6. Dasar-Dasar Perencanaan Pompa Drainase/ Pompa Banjir ............................... 7-28
7.6.1. Pertimbangan Dasar Desain pompa Banjir ........................................................ 7-28
7.6.2. Tahap Perencanaan Stasiun Pompa Banjir ......................................................... 7-29
7.7. Perencanaan Pompa Drainase/ Pompa Banjir .................................................... 7-30
7.7.1. Lingkup Analisa/ Perhitungan Perencanaan Stasiun Pompa Banjir .................. 7-30
7.7.2. Metode Dan Prosedur ......................................................................................... 7-31
7.7.3. Perhitungan Dimensi Kolam Pompa .................................................................. 7-35
7.7.4. Perencanaan Sistem Tampungan ....................................................................... 7-37
7.7.4.1. Bak Penampung/ Sumuran Basah Pompa Banjir ............................................. 7-37
7.7.4.2. Kolam Detensi Pompa Banjir .......................................................................... 7-39
7.7.5. Perencanaan Bak Pengendap Sedimen .............................................................. 7-41
7.7.6. Perencanaan Saringan Sampah .......................................................................... 7-41
7.7.7. Perencanaan Suplai Daya (Pekerjaan Elektrikal) ............................................... 7-42
7.7.8. Perencanaan Crane ............................................................................................. 7-43
7.8. Contoh Studi Kasus - Perencanaan Pompa Drainase/ Pompa Banjir
Kalitowo ............................................................................................................. 7-45
7.8.1. Survey Pendahuluan Dan Identifikasi Daerah Studi .......................................... 7-47
7.8.1.1. Luas Wilayah Daerah Studi ............................................................................. 7-47
7.8.1.2. Topografi Wilayah Daerah Studi ..................................................................... 7-48
7.8.1.3. Kondisi Klimatologi ......................................................................................... 7-49
7.8.1.4. Kondisi Geologi ............................................................................................... 7-49
7.8.1.5. Tata Guna Lahan .............................................................................................. 7-50
7.8.1.6. Daerah Genangan Banjir .................................................................................. 7-54
7.8.2. Pengumpulan Data Teknik Dan Data Sosial Ekonomi ...................................... 7-56
7.8.2.1. Data Hidrologi .................................................................................................. 7-56
7.8.2.2. Data Sistem Drainase Perkotaan Yang Sudah Ada (Existing) ......................... 7-57
7.8.2.3. Data Lokasi Stasiun Pompa Banjir/ Pompa Drainase ...................................... 7-58
7.8.3. Survey Pengukuran Dan Pemetaan .................................................................... 7-60
7.8.4. Penyelidikan Dan Pengujian Geomektan ........................................................... 7-61
7.8.5. Pekerjaan Perencanaan Stasiun Pompa Banjir Dan Penggambaran .................. 7-61
7.8.5.1. Analisa Hidrologi ............................................................................................ 7-61
7.8.5.2. Perencanaan Struktur Rumah Pompa Banjir/ Pompa Drainase ...................... 7-69
7.8.5.3. Perencanaan Struktur Rumah Genset .............................................................. 7-77
7.8.5.4. Perencanaan Struktur Rumah Jaga ................................................................. 7-81
7.8.5.5. Perencanaan Struktur Jembatan Mechanical-Screen ...................................... 7-85
7.8.5.6. Perencanaan Struktur Jembatan Bar-Screen ................................................... 7-89
7.8.5.7. Perencanaan Struktur Emergency Spillway ................................................... 7-91
7.8.5.8. Perencanaan Pekerjaan Mekanikal Dan Elektrikal ......................................... 7-93
7.8.5.9. Perencanaan Pekerjaan Elektrikal ................................................................. 7-101
7.8.5.10. Perencanaan Pekerjaan Mekanikal Elektrikal (ME) ................................... 7-103
7.8.5.11. Perencanaan Sistem Penangkap Petir ......................................................... 7-109
7.8.5.12. Perencanaan Pekerjaan Mekanikal Saringan Sampah (MecScreen) ....................................................................................................... 7-111
7.8.5.13. Penggambaran Hasil Perencanaan .............................................................. 7-116
7.8.6. Manual Opersional Pemeliharaan Pompa Banjir ............................................. 7-140
7.8.6.1. Umum ............................................................................................................ 7-140
7.8.6.2. Pemeriksaan Pendahuluan Dan Cara Menjalankan Pompa .......................... 7-142
7.8.6.3. Pemeriksaan Kondisi Operasi ....................................................................... 7-144
7.8.6.4. Pengamanan Untuk Penghentian Pompa ...................................................... 7-147
7.8.6.5. Penanganan Pompa Lumpur (Sludge Pump) ................................................ 7-147
7.8.6.6. Penanganan Generator Set ............................................................................ 7-147
7.8.6.7. Penanganan Pompa Yang tidak Dipakai Dalam Jangka Waktu Lama ......... 7-148
7.8.6.8. Pengelolaan ................................................................................................... 7-148
7.8.6.9. Pengoperasian Pintu Air ................................................................................ 7-153
7.8.6.10. Pengoperasian Panel-Panel Kontrol ............................................................ 7-153
Soal Latihan ................................................................................................................ 7-155
Glosarium
Daftar Pustaka
