This book consists of eleven chapters and each chapter discusses different type of qualitative design. Chapter one, the author presents the introduction to educational research and overviews the objectives and the importance of this book. Chapter two highlights several differences of qualitative and quantitative approaches and the possibility of administering mix methods in educational research. Chapter three discuses in more detail on qualitative approaches and the terminologies and the characteristics that the novice researchers need to know. Chapter four overviews Narrative Inquiry as the qualitative research design. This chapter also discusses the characteristics and the types of narrative inquiry. Chapter five outlines the ethnographic research design which provides all necessary information to guide the novice researchers to do their research using this approach. Chapter six provide the researchers with the information about conducting the case study step by step. Chapter seven suggests the readers about the historical approach and different types of it. This approach helps the readers of seeking the potentiality of doing research which the data were available in the past. Chapter eight provides a guide for teachers as novice researchers to conduct classroom action research which are now quite necessary in teaching and teacher professional development. In this chapter, readers will learn how to approach the action research. Chapter nine elaborates the discourse analysis approach. This approach is somewhat necessary for language research since language is essential medium for everyday life. Language and social interactive language deal with how we use language to communicate our idea and build relationship in our daily lives. Chapter ten discusses how to presents qualitative findings and common mistakes that the novice researchers should avoid. This chapter will guide the readers step-by-step reducing the issues. Chapter eleven overviews several terminology and its concept that the researchers usually find in qualitative research.
Foreword v
Table of Contents vii
Unit One: Introduction 1
The An Introduction to Educational Research 1
The Importance of this Book 3
References 5
Unit Two: Qualitative vs Quantitative 7
What is Quantitative and what is Qualitative? 7
Toward Mixed Methods: Would that be Possible? 12
References 18
Unit Three: Qualitative Research 19
The Basic Concept of Qualitative Research 19
The Characteristics of Qualitative Research 20
Natural Setting 20
Human as Instrument 21
Descriptive Data 21
Emergent Design 22
Inductive Data Analysis 22
Concern for Context and Meaning 23
Reflexivity 23
Types of Qualitative Research 23
Trustworthiness 25
Credibility 25
Confirmability 26
Dependability 26
Transferability 26
Authenticity 27
Other Issues 27
Example of Qualitative Research 28
References 37
Unit Four: Narrative Inquiry 39
Introduction to Narrative Inquiry 39
Definition of Narrative Inquiry 40
Characteristics of Narrative Inquiry 42
Types of Narrative Inquiry 44
Examples of Narrative Inquiry 45
How to Conduct Narrative Inquiry 47
References 48
Unit Five: Ethnography 51
Introduction to Ethnography 51
The Definition of Ethnography 51
Issues of Ethnography Study 52
Ontological Issues 52
Epistemological Issues 53
Axiological Issue 54
Methodological 55
The Benefits of Ethnographic Research 55
The Types of Ethnographic Research 57
The Characteristics of Ethnographic Research 58
The Research Process of Ethnography 59
Planning of the Research 59
Collecting Data 60
Analyzing the Outcomes 61
Example of Ethnographic Research 61
References 75
Unit Six: A Case Study 77
Introduction to A Case Study 77
The Characteristics of Case Study 78
Instead of a sweeping statistical survey, a case study is an in-depth study 78
A case study employs triangulation by methods and bysources 79
A case study is to test or generate theoretical Models 80
A case study to know noticeable patterns of participant behaviors 82
References 83
Unit Seven: Historical Study 85
Introduction to Historical Study 85
Definition of Historical Research 85
Types of Historical Study 86
How to Gain the Data for Historical Study 88
Stages involved in Historical Research 89
Defining the problem 89
Locating relevant sources 89
Summarizing information from historical sources 89
Evaluating historical sources 89
Sources of Information in Historical Research 90
Data Analysis and Reporting of Findings 91
Example of Reporting Finding in Historical Study 92
References 94
Unit Eight: Action Research 95
Introduction to Action Research 95
The Nature of Action Research 95
Types of Action Research Design 97
Practical Action Research 97
Participatory Action Research (PAR) 97
Approach to Action Research 97
Data Analysis in Action Research 99
References 100
Unit Nine: Discourse Analysis 101
Introduction to Discourse Analysis 101
Principles of Discourse Analysis 102
Types of Discourse 103
The Example of Study in Discourse Analysis 103
References 105
Unit Ten: Some Problems in Presenting Qualitative Findings 107
Lack of Clarity Due to Insufficient Elaboration 107
Poorly Data Reduction Process 109
Incapable of Paraphrasing 110
Shallow Description of Phenomena 112
Inappropriate Linguistic Style 113
Unit Eleven: Specific Terms in Qualitative 127
Saturation Point 127
Participants/Informants 127
Purposive Sampling 129
Quota Sampling 129
Convenient Sampling 130
Snowball Sampling 131
Emergent Themes 132
Multiple Methods and Multiple Sources 134
Ethics and Informed Consent 135
Confidentiality 137
References 138
Index 139
